![]() ![]() ![]() A pharmacological and conceptual reevaluation of hallucinations. A clinical and theoretical overview of hallucinatory phenomena. Do we need a new word to supplement “hallucination”? American Journal of Psychiatry 1983 140:1609–1611. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 1993 90:2078–2081. Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. Dream report length is more dependent on arousal level than prior REM duration. Dreams and rapid eye movement sleep in the multiple sleep latency test. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1994 78:1041–1042.īenbadis SR, Wolgamuth BR, Perry MC, Dinner DS. Dreaming during sleep onset and awakening. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.Ĭavallero C, Cicogna P, Natale V, Occhionero M, Zito A. This concept is supported by numerous neurologic conditions and syndromes that are associated with hallucinations. ![]() In unusual settings, such as sleep-deprivation, sensory deprivation, or medication or drug ingestion, the brain attends to exogenous and endogenous activities simultaneously, resulting in hallucinations, or wakeful dreaming. During sleep, dreaming occurs because the brain attends to endogenously generated activity. Under usual circumstances during wakefulness, the brain ignores internally generated activity and attends to environmental sensory stimulation. On the assumption that the brain is active across all states of being (wakefulness, REM sleep, and NREM sleep), this article proposes that dreaming and hallucinations represent variations on the same theme. If so, consciousness is simply the brain's interpretation and integration of all the information made available to it at any given time. Consciousness is now considered a primary function and activity of the brain itself. ![]()
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